Network assistance for device-to-device discovery

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of system and method configurations for device discovery and connection establishment in connection with use of device-to-device (D2D) and proximity-based services are generally described herein. In some examples, an evolved packet core (EPC) of a 3GPP Long Term Evolution or 3GPP Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-A) network is arranged to assist D2D identification and discovery procedures at user equipment (UEs) connected to the LTE/LTE-A network. Various identification and discovery procedures may be implemented in connection with proximity detection and the establishment of communication times for the establishment of the D2D communication link, between the UEs. Accordingly, the EPC of the LTE/LTE-A network may assist the establishment of a device-to-device communication link between UEs on a wireless network employing a distinct wireless protocol (for example, a direct wireless network connection via a wireless local area network (WLAN) or wireless personal area network (WPAN)).

PRIORITY APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 61/679,627, filed on Aug. 3, 2012, which is hereby incorporatedby reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments pertain to operations and communications performed bycommunicating devices in wireless networks. Some embodiments relate todevice-to-device (D2D) communications and authentication techniquesbetween devices facilitated by a wireless network.

BACKGROUND

D2D wireless communication techniques may be used to performpeer-to-peer/point-to-point (P2P) communications among mobile devicesand networks in a variety of settings. D2D communications between mobiledevices may be designed to complement the use of centralizedcommunications from a wireless base station, for example, centralizedstation-to-mobile communications from an evolved NodeB (eNodeB) in acarrier network operating with a standard from a 3GPP Long TermEvolution/Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-A) standards family, orfrom an access point (AP) in a Wi-Fi network operating with a standardfrom a IEEE 802.11 standards family.

D2D direct communications are limited to devices located within thecommunication range of the wireless protocol or network configurationbeing used. However, a particular user may not be aware whether D2Dcommunication-capable devices or known users associated with D2Dcommunication-capable devices are within communication range, or whethersuch devices or users are currently or are prospectively in proximity tothe particular user. Existing discovery techniques used to locate andseek out nearby D2D-capable devices generally involve the use ofbroadcasting and response schemes, which utilize detailed processing,responses, and data exchanges to discover devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a network configuration for facilitating D2Dcommunications through an operator-managed network according to afurther described example.

FIG. 2 illustrates data operations transmitted through anoperator-managed network for establishing D2D communications betweenmobile devices according to a further described example.

FIG. 3 illustrates a data sequence for establishing a D2D connectionthrough a network operator according to a further described example.

FIG. 4 illustrates a data sequence for establishing a D2D connectionthrough a network operator between devices having an existing data flowaccording to a further described example.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an example operation flow performed atan evolved packet core for facilitating a D2D connection betweenconnected UEs according to a further described example.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example operation flow performed atan UE for initiating a D2D connection to another UE using an evolvedpacket core according to a further described example.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example mobile device on which the configurationsand techniques described herein may be deployed.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example computer system that may be used as acomputing platform for the computing or networking devices describedherein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustratespecific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practicethem. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical,process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodimentsmay be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments.Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalentsof those claims.

Various techniques and configurations described herein provide fornetwork awareness and discovery techniques for establishing D2Dcommunication links among mobile devices. These discovery techniques maybe used to facilitate location of various D2D-capable devices within anetwork, and authentication between devices. Upon discovery andauthentication of the proximate D2D devices, a D2D communication linkbetween the proximate D2D devices may be established to facilitate theexchange of data over a wireless D2D communication link. The D2Dcommunication link may be deployed in connection with various location-or proximity-based services, and in connection with service managementand resource offloading. The D2D communication link may occur over adifferent wireless network (e.g., a Wi-Fi network), or may be a variantof LTE-based direct-device communication.

In some examples, a user equipment (UE) in communication with a carriernetwork (e.g., a cellular radio access network (RAN)) may request UEdiscovery assistance from the evolved packet core (EPC) of the carriernetwork. Information obtained from the assistance may includeinformation to assist the D2D connection discovery process, along withdiscovery details of other UEs in proximity to the discovering UE. TheEPC may also communicate authentication, security, and identificationinformation, and establish a time period to coordinate D2D discovery andconnection operations.

In existing techniques used to establish D2D connections, devicesmanually (and often continually) scan or broadcast connectionavailability via the wireless medium in order to locate nearbyD2D-capable devices. Such techniques often involve constant scanning andassociated power usage. Further, even upon discovery of a nearbyD2D-capable device, identification and authentication issues may preventestablishment of a D2D connection. The techniques described hereinenable a common discovery and identification mechanism through datacommunicated from the carrier network to connecting UEs to facilitatethe D2D connection establishment process.

In an LTE/LTE-A network environment, an EPC is aware which UEs areassociated with a public land mobile network (PLMN) and a particulareNodeB, or which UEs are operating in an idle mode. Likewise, the EPC isalso aware of tracking areas for UEs, and whether a UE is incommunication with a tracking area involving a plurality of differenteNodeBs. The EPC may also maintain a location service to maintain anapproximate location of the various UEs. Using the techniques describedherein, this tracking and location information of the UEs can be appliedfor use with assisting the discovery of D2D-capable devices and theestablishment of a D2D connection for direct communications. Further,the techniques described herein may be deployed across the coverage areaof the LTE/LTE-A network managed by the EPC, extending discoveryoperations and establishment of D2D connections beyond a single wirelesslocal area network (WLAN) access point.

FIG. 1 provides an illustration of an example network configuration 100for facilitating direct D2D communications through a carrier-managednetwork according to one example. Within the network configuration 100,a series of multi-mode mobile devices (a mobile device 102A, and amobile device 102B) are arranged for communication with acarrier-managed network and with a D2D network. The carrier-managednetwork may operate in accordance with a 3GPP LTE/LTE-A or othersuitable wireless wide area network (WWAN) protocol, and may include aconfiguration to provide wireless network communications from an eNodeB104 in operation with an EPC 106, for communication of data to an IPnetwork 108. The carrier network may be configured for facilitatingnetwork communications to the mobile device 102A and the mobile device102B, using LTE/LTE-A communication links 112A, 112B respectively.

Communications between the mobile device 102A and the mobile device 102Bare illustrated as facilitated via the IP network 108 through aninfrastructure communication link 114. The infrastructure communicationlink 114 is established as the mobile device 102A and the mobile device102B subscribe to a common carrier network and conduct communicationwith a common eNodeB 104. However, the infrastructure communication link114 may also be established with use of separate eNodeBs or carriernetworks.

D2D communications between the mobile device 102A and the mobile device102B are facilitated through a D2D communication link 110. The D2Dcommunication link 110 may utilize any number of WWAN, WLAN, or wirelesspersonal area network (WPAN) protocols, such as a WLAN Wi-Fi directnetwork protocol (operating in accordance with a standard from the IEEE802.11 standards family) or a WPAN Bluetooth protocol (operating inaccordance with a Bluetooth standard as defined by the Bluetooth SpecialInterest Group). The D2D communication link 110 as shown may beconfigured for direct point-to-point connections between devices, butmay also be facilitated through indirect peer-to-peer and multi-nodeconnections.

Operations at the carrier network to establish the D2D communicationlink may be performed within systems of the carrier network, forexample, within the EPC 106. The operations of the EPC 106 may includeassisting discovery of the mobile device 102B from the perspective ofthe mobile device 102A, and assisting discovery of the mobile device102A from the perspective of the mobile device 102B. For example, if themobile device 102A suspects or is otherwise informed that the mobiledevice 102B is in proximity (e.g., is in communication range), orotherwise wishes to attempt a connection to the mobile device 102B, themobile device 102A can request D2D discovery assistance from the EPC106. As one example, the EPC 106 may perform operations to confirm withthe mobile device 102B whether the device will allow the establishmentof a D2D connection, and exchange information to assist D2D discoveryand connection operations. As another example, the operator may alsostore these kinds of permissions in a database, and check them to see ifthe user has permitted access by another user before actually inquiringabout permission. (A user may, for example, inform the network of theseD2D permissions when it registers with the network). Thus, operations toconfirm whether the establishment of the D2D connection is allowed mayinclude a combination of policies or user interaction to verify theestablishment of the D2D connection or certain D2D connection types.

FIG. 2 provides an illustration of example data operations 200transmitted through a carrier-managed network for establishing a D2Dcommunication link 110 between the mobile device 102A and the mobiledevice 102B according to an example. The mobile devices interface withthe carrier-managed network through various communications with aneNodeB 104. As further described below and in reference to the operationflow and flowcharts of FIGS. 3-6, the data operations 200 transmittedwithin the carrier-managed network via the eNodeB 104 may include theexchange and coordination of various data updates, requests, andresponses relevant to establishment of a D2D connection.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, a series of location update messages 202A,202B may be provided from each of the mobile devices (the mobile device102A, and the mobile device 102B). The location update messages 202A,202B may be incorporated with existing location services or locationmanagement data managed by the carrier-managed network (or incorporatedinto location data communicated to the EPC 106). Location informationfrom the location update messages 202A, 202B may be used by the carriernetwork, for example, to determine whether the mobile devices are inproximity to each other and are within range of establishing a D2Dcommunication link 110. The location information from the locationupdate messages 202A, 202B may also be coordinated in connection withlocation services (e.g., a location server) of the EPC 106 or anotherportion of the carrier-based network that tracks an approximate orprecise location of the UEs.

The location information from the location update messages 202A, 202Bmay be used to detect and validate proximity of the pair of mobiledevices within a communication range for establishing the D2Dcommunication link 110. For example, as the mobile device 102A suspectsthat the mobile device 102B is in proximity (or otherwise decides toinitiate a D2D connection to mobile device 102B), the mobile device 102Arequests device discovery assistance from the operator network (e.g.,EPC 106) for the mobile device 102B. The request for device discoveryassistance may be sent from the mobile device 102A through one or moreUE location requests 204 transmitted from the mobile device 102A to theoperator network via the eNodeB 104.

In response to a UE location request such as the UE location request204, the carrier-managed network may verify whether the mobile device102B is discoverable (e.g., allowing others to discover it) or otherwiseinterested in establishing a D2D connection with the mobile device 102A.The verification may be performed by confirming D2D permissions innetwork-level databases (permissions can be established during UEregistration or via earlier inquiries), or it may include thetransmission of a D2D connection request 208 to the mobile device 102B,and the receipt of a D2D connection response 210 from the mobile device102B. Operations such as user interface prompts or policy verificationsmay be performed at or on behalf of the mobile device 102B to obtainauthorization to establish the D2D connection.

Once the carrier-managed network verifies permission for mobile device102A to connect directly with mobile device 102B, the carrier-basednetwork may provide one or both of the UEs with information to assistwith the D2D connection establishment. For example, this may includedevice discovery information communicated to the mobile device 102Acommunicated in a UE location response 206 received from via eNodeB 104.This device discovery information may also include parameters ofestablishing the connection, such as a time period during which thediscovery is valid.

During the time period in which the discovery is valid, the UE thatinitiates the D2D communication link 110 (the discovering UE, e.g.,mobile device 102A) may perform discovery operations to locate andestablish a connection to the discovered UE, assisted by the devicediscovery information obtained from the EPC 106. For example, UEsidentified by the EPC 106 as located proximate to each other may beidentified with a D2D communication protocol using standard networkscanning procedures, such as with Bluetooth “device discovery” or Wi-Fi“P2P find” modes. In further examples, the UE location request 204 andthe UE location response 206 may be used to obtain information aboutcommunication parameters, authentication information, securityinformation, or other information used by a discovering device to locateand establish the connection to the discovered UE.

FIG. 3 provides an example illustration of a data sequence 300 forestablishing a D2D connection between a pair of user devices (a UE A 302and a UE B 304), in coordination with data operations 200 of an EPC 306managed by a network operator. The data sequence 300 is illustrated asproviding for the establishment of a D2D connection between the UE A 302and the UE B 304 when there is no pre-existing data flow or connectionestablished through the EPC 306 between the pair.

First, the UE A 302 and the UE B 304 may perform intermittent locationupdates with the EPC 306 (operations 310A, 310B). The location updatesenable the EPC 306 to be informed of the current location for each ofthe UE A 302 and the UE B 304. In some examples, informationcommunicated in the location updates includes a position associated witha network coverage area, a position associated with a broader geographicarea of the UE, or a specific determined geographical position. In otherexamples, the location updates include information related to theportion of the network in communication with the UE. Other techniquesmay be used to determine whether the UEs are not in proximity. Forexample, if the UE A 302 is attached to a PLMN that is not co-locatedwith the PLMN that the UE B 304 is attached to, then the EPC 306 canconclude that the UEs are not in proximity for D2D communications.

Next, the EPC 306 receives a notification that the UE A 302 wants tocommunicate with the UE(s) listed in the message. This notification mayoccur via a direct request from the UE A 302, transmitted within a UEdiscovery request message (operation 312), or may occur via a high-levelnotification in the core network. This notification may indicate aone-time only event, or it may indicate to keep trying until some periodof time lapses if a UE is not currently in proximity. The UE discoveryrequest message may provide an indication to verify the location of oneor more specific UEs, groups of UEs, or any D2D-capable UEs. Forexample, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the discovery request is issued formultiple UEs (UE B, UE C, UE D). The UE discovery request message mayindicate whether the UE just wants to know if a specific UE (or type ofUE) is in proximity, or whether the UE wants to receive assistance fromthe carrier network in the direct discovery process (for example, toobtain identification and common discovery period information forestablishing the direct D2D communication link).

The EPC 306 checks if the UE A 302 is in proximity of any of the UEs inthe notification (operation 314). Information obtained from the UElocation updates (operations 310A, 310B) may be used by the EPC 306 forthis determination. In other examples, the network operator may baseproximity on whether UEs are associated with the same eNodeB or incommunication with particular eNodeBs or network subsystems, forexample.

In one scenario, the EPC 306 may check existing UE information databasesto verify if UE A 302 can connect with the UEs it requested. In anotherscenario, a connection request and response exchange may be conductedbetween the EPC 306 and any potential device (e.g., the UE B 304)indicated for connection in the notification. This may includetransmission of a D2D connection request (operation 316) to the UE B304, requesting confirmation to attempt establishment of a D2Dconnection. The confirmation or denial to attempt establishment of a D2Dconnection may be indicated in a transmission of a D2D connectionresponse (operation 318) returned to the EPC 306.

Having confirmed that the UE A 302 and the UE B 304 are in proximity,and that the connection request to the UE B 304 is confirmed, the EPC306 transmits a UE discovery response (operation 320) to the discoveringdevice (the UE A 302). The EPC 306 may also send the UE discoveryresponse to UE B 304 so both UEs are informed to engage in discoveryoperations at a specific time, which device identifier to look for, andlike discovery information. Thus, the UE discovery response may includemutual identifying information to enable the UE devices to find eachother during a D2D discovery procedure. The UE discovery response mayalso include information related to a mutual or common discovery period,to expedite the discovery process or otherwise coordinate discoverytiming. In some examples, the EPC 306 may first wait for the UE B 304 toconfirm the D2D connection request (operation 318) before proceedingwith sending the discovery information to the UE A 302; in otherexamples a policy-based determination may be made whether to confirm theD2D connection request on behalf of the UE B 304.

Using information obtained from the EPC 306, the UE A 302 and the UE B304 perform operations to establish the D2D communication link(operation 322), including D2D discovery and connection establishment.The timing of the operations to establish the D2D communication link maybe provided in connection with a discovery period 324. As suggestedabove, the EPC can coordinate the discovery timing and provide anindication of the discovery period 324 to the UE A 302 and the UE B 304;in other examples, the EPC 306 may first try to negotiate with each ofthe UEs to establish a mutual agreement for the discovery period 324.The discovery and connection establishment timing may be indicated by astart time, a start and finish time, or other signaling.

In connection with operation 322, the UEs attempt to discover each otherand establish the D2D communication link during the proposed discoveryperiod 324 using the identification information provided by the EPC 306.A failure to establish the communication link may be communicated to theEPC 306 (and used to obtain additional information to retryestablishment of the D2D communication link), or connect to another UE.

FIG. 4 provides an example illustration of a data sequence 400 forestablishing a D2D connection between the UE A 302 and the UE B 304,through an EPC 306 managed by a network operator, in a case where thereis a pre-existing data flow between the UE A 302 and the UE B 304. Thedata sequence 400 is illustrated as providing for the establishment of aD2D connection between a device pair when there is a data flow orconnection between the device pair facilitated through the EPC 306,through communication links with the UE A 412A and the UE B 412B.

FIG. 4 illustrates a scenario where the UEs move into D2D communicationproximity as the UEs communicate with another UE (e.g., a pre-existingdata flow). In this example, the UE A 302 is engaged in communicationwith the UE B 304, and the bearer path is established in an IP networkvia the infrastructure of the EPC 306.

The EPC 306 monitors the locations of the UEs to determine when and ifthey move into proximity. The location of the UE A 302 and the UE B 304may be determined in connection with location measurements such as GPSsensors, proximity based on a common network attachment (such as whenthe two UEs are connected to the network via the same or co-locatedeNodeB), or any of the other location services and techniques discussedherein. Location monitoring operations may be autonomous, implemented bya network policy, or implemented per request by the UE(s)).

When the EPC 306 detects that the UE A 302 and the UE B 304 are inproximity, the EPC 306 provides the UEs with D2D connection requests.These connection requests include mutual identification information (tolocate and connect to each other during the D2D connection discovery)and additional information such as a mutual/common discovery period (toexpedite the discovery process). As shown, this may include the use of aD2D connection request (operation 416) provided to the UE B 304,followed by a D2D connection response (operation 418) provided from theUE B 304; this may also include the use of a D2D connection request(operation 420) provided to the UE A 302, with an accompanying D2Dconnection response (operation 422).

During a discovery period (period of time 426) indicated to the UE A 302and to the UE B 304 (for example, in the respective D2D connectionrequests), the UEs attempt to discover each other and establish a D2Dcommunication link (operation 424). The discovery and connectionestablishment operations at the UEs utilize the mutual identificationinformation, authentication information, and other information providedby the EPC 306 (for example, in the respective D2D connection requests).

FIG. 5 provides an example illustration of an operation flow 500performed at an EPC for initiating a D2D connection between identifiedUEs according to an example. At the EPC, various information related tothe location and status of the UEs is managed. This information may bemodified from the processing and extraction of received D2D locationupdates (operation 510).

If no data connection, facilitated by the EPC, exists between the UEs,then a request (e.g., a D2D location request) is handled by the EPC(operation 530) to trigger the operations for establishing a D2Dcommunication link. If an existing data connection, facilitated by theEPC, exists between the UEs, then the proximity of the connected UEs isdetected (operation 540) in order to trigger the operations forestablishing a D2D communication link.

The D2D device proximity may be determined by the EPC (operation 550) tovalidate the precise location of discoverable devices. Upon adetermination that a pair of UEs are in proximity for D2Dcommunications, the EPC may issue a D2D connection request to the one ormore proximate devices (operation 560) to obtain approval forestablishment of the D2D connection(s). The D2D connection request maybe provided to the discovered device (the device being requested), incases where no connection exists between the devices. The D2D connectionrequest may be provided to both devices in a case where a connectionexists between the devices.

The response to the D2D connection request is received at the EPC fromthe proximate device(s) (operation 570). If this response isaffirmative, then the EPC will provide information to the proximatedevice(s) to facilitate discovery, authentication, and establishment ofthe D2D communication link between the proximate devices (operation580). This information may be communicated in one or more messages, orin response to specific queries from the UEs.

FIG. 6 provides an example illustration of an operation flow 600performed at a UE for initiating a D2D connection to another UE withassistance by an EPC of a carrier network according to an example. Theoperation flow 600, conducted by a discovering UE, may includeperforming intermittent location updates with the EPC (operation 610).These location updates may be provided in response to network operationsat the UE. In other examples, the location updates may be provided tothe EPC based on scheduled or predetermined intervals.

The discovering UE may request a D2D connection link to be establishedwith one or more determined UEs (operation 620). The one or moredetermined UEs may include an identification of specific UEs (e.g.,devices correlated with specific users, contacts, or identifiers andaddresses), or an identification of any available UE satisfying aparticular connection criterion. The discovering UE may receive aresponse message to the D2D connection request from the carrier network(operation 630), determined in response to connection request responsesfrom various UEs or according to the parameters of the carrier network.

The response message from the carrier network indicating specific UEsavailable for connection may be followed by processing the connectioninformation for the specific UEs (operation 640). This connectioninformation is usable to establish the D2D communication link to thespecific UEs, using a direct or P2P network connection. Other relevantinformation including an indication of a discovery or connectionestablishment period may be communicated in the response message.

The UEs may jointly or separately attempt to establish a D2Dcommunication link to each other via the direct or P2P networkconnection initiated during the discovery period (operation 650). Theconnection establishment utilizes at least in part the connectioninformation provided in the response message from the carrier network.Upon a successful establishment of the network connection, the D2Ddevice may conduct D2D communications via the direct or indirect networkconnection to the connected devices (operation 660).

Although the preceding examples of D2D connections were provided withspecific reference to 3GPP LTE/LTE-A and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)communications, it will be understood that a variety of other WWAN,WLAN, and WPAN protocols and standards may be used in connection withthe techniques described herein. These standards include, but are notlimited to, standards from 3GPP (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, HSPA+, UMTS), IEEE802.11 (e.g., 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac), 802.16(e.g., 802.16p), or Bluetooth (e.g., Bluetooth 4.0, or other standarddefined by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group) standards families.Bluetooth, as used herein, may refer to a short-range digitalcommunication protocol defined by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group,the protocol including a short-haul wireless protocol frequency-hoppingspread-spectrum (FHSS) communication technique operating in the 2.4 GHzspectrum. Other communication standards capable of facilitatingdevice-to-device, machine-to-machine, and P2P communications may be usedin connection with the presently described techniques. Further, althoughthe preceding examples of the carrier network were provided withspecific reference to a 3GPP LTE/LTE-A cellular RAN and an EPC, it willbe understood that other wide area network protocols and systemconfigurations may be used in connection with the techniques describedherein.

As described herein, various methods or techniques, or certain aspectsor portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e.,instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as flash memory,CD/DVD-ROMs, hard drives, portable storage devices, or any othermachine-readable storage medium wherein, when the program code is loadedinto and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomesan apparatus for practicing the various techniques. In the case ofprogram code execution on programmable computers, the computing devicemay include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor(including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), atleast one input device, and at least one output device. One or moreprograms that may implement or utilize the various techniques describedherein may use an application programming interface (API), reusablecontrols, and the like. Such programs may be implemented in a high levelprocedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with acomputer system. However, the program(s) may be implemented in assemblyor machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be acompiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardwareimplementations.

FIG. 7 provides an example illustration of a mobile device 700, such asa user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device,a mobile communication device, a tablet, a handset, or other type ofmobile wireless device. The mobile device 700 may include one or moreantennas 708 within housing 702 that are configured to communicate witha base station (BS), an eNodeB, or other type of wireless wide areanetwork (WWAN) access point. The mobile device may be configured tocommunicate using at least one wireless communication standard including3GPP LTE, WiMAX, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi.The mobile device 700 may communicate using separate antennas for eachwireless communication standard or shared antennas for multiple wirelesscommunication standards. The mobile device 700 may communicate in aWLAN, a WPAN, and/or a WWAN.

FIG. 7 also provides an illustration of a microphone 720 and one or morespeakers 712 that may be used for audio input and output from the mobiledevice 700. The display screen 704 may be a liquid crystal display (LCD)screen, or other type of display screen such as an organic lightemitting diode (OLED) display. The display screen 704 may be configuredas a touch screen. The touch screen may use capacitive, resistive, oranother type of touch screen technology. An application processor 714and a graphics processor 718 may be coupled to internal memory 716 toprovide processing and display capabilities. A non-volatile memory port710 may also be used to provide data input/output options to a user. Thenon-volatile memory port 710 may also be used to expand the memorycapabilities of the mobile device 700. A keyboard 706 may be integratedwith the mobile device 700 or wirelessly connected to the mobile device700 to provide additional user input. A virtual keyboard may also beprovided using the touch screen. A camera 722 located on the front(display screen) side or the rear side of the mobile device 700 may alsobe integrated into the housing 702 of the mobile device 700.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an example computer systemmachine upon which any one or more of the methodologies herein discussedmay be run. Computer system 800 may be embodied as the computing device104, mobile device 106, mobile device 700 (from FIGS. 1 and 7), or anyother computing platform described or referred to herein. In alternativeembodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may beconnected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networkeddeployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of either a serveror a client machine in server-client network environments, or it may actas a peer machine in peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environments.The machine may be a personal computer (PC) that may or may not beportable (e.g., a notebook or a netbook), a tablet, a set-top box (STB),a gaming console, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a mobile telephoneor smartphone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, orany machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise)that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only asingle machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken toinclude any collection of machines that individually or jointly executea set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more ofthe methodologies discussed herein.

Example computer system 800 includes a processor 802 (e.g., a centralprocessing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) or both), a mainmemory 804 and a static memory 806, which communicate with each othervia an interconnect 808 (e.g., a link, a bus, etc.). The computer system800 may further include a video display unit 810, an alphanumeric inputdevice 812 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigationdevice 814 (e.g., a mouse). In one embodiment, the video display unit810, input device 812 and UI navigation device 814 are a touch screendisplay. The computer system 800 may additionally include a storagedevice 816 (e.g., a drive unit), a signal generation device 818 (e.g., aspeaker), an output controller 832, a power management controller 834,and a network interface device 820 (which may include or operablycommunicate with one or more antennas 830, transceivers, or otherwireless communications hardware), and one or more sensors 828, such asa GPS sensor, compass, location sensor, accelerometer, or other sensor.

The storage device 816 includes a machine-readable medium 822 on whichis stored one or more sets of data structures and instructions 824(e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of themethodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 824 mayalso reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory804, static memory 806, and/or within the processor 802 during executionthereof by the computer system 800, with the main memory 804, staticmemory 806, and the processor 802 also constituting machine-readablemedia.

While the machine-readable medium 822 is illustrated in an exampleembodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” mayinclude a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized ordistributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that storethe one or more instructions 824. The term “machine-readable medium”shall also be taken to include any tangible medium that is capable ofstoring, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machineand that cause the machine to perform any one or more of themethodologies of the present disclosure or that is capable of storing,encoding or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with suchinstructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly betaken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, andoptical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine-readable mediainclude non-volatile memory, including, by way of example, semiconductormemory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory(EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM))and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks andremovable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

The instructions 824 may further be transmitted or received over acommunications network 826 using a transmission medium via the networkinterface device 820 utilizing any one of a number of well-knowntransfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). Examples of communication networksinclude a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), theInternet, mobile telephone networks, Plain Old Telephone (POTS)networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Wi-Fi, 3G, and 4G LTE/LTE-Aor WiMAX networks). The term “transmission medium” shall be taken toinclude any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, orcarrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digitalor analog communications signals or other intangible medium tofacilitate communication of such software.

Other applicable network configurations may be included within the scopeof the presently described communication networks. Although exampleswere provided with reference to a local area wireless networkconfiguration and a wide area Internet network connection, it will beunderstood that communications may also be facilitated using any numberof personal area networks, LANs, and WANs, using any combination ofwired or wireless transmission mediums.

The embodiments described above may be implemented in one or acombination of hardware, firmware, and software. Embodiments may also beimplemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storagedevice, which may be read and executed by at least one processor toperform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storagedevice may include any non-transitory mechanism for storing informationin a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, acomputer-readable storage device may include read-only memory (ROM),random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storagemedia, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media.

It should be understood that the functional units or capabilitiesdescribed in this specification may have been referred to or labeled ascomponents or modules, in order to more particularly emphasize theirimplementation independence. For example, a component or module may beimplemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom very-large-scaleintegration (VLSI) circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductorssuch as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. Acomponent or module may also be implemented in programmable hardwaredevices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable arraylogic, programmable logic devices, or the like. Components or modulesmay also be implemented in software for execution by various types ofprocessors. An identified component or module of executable code may,for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks ofcomputer instructions, which may, for instance, be organized as anobject, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of anidentified component or module need not be physically located together,but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locationswhich, when joined logically together, comprise the component or moduleand achieve the stated purpose for the component or module.

Indeed, a component or module of executable code may be a singleinstruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed overseveral different code segments, among different programs, and acrossseveral memory devices. Similarly, operational data may be identifiedand illustrated herein within components or modules, and may be embodiedin any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of datastructure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set,or may be distributed over different locations including over differentstorage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronicsignals on a system or network. The components or modules may be passiveor active, including agents operable to perform desired functions.

Additional examples of the presently described method, system, anddevice embodiments include the following, non-limiting configurations.Each of the following non-limiting examples may stand on its own, or maybe combined in any permutation or combination with any one or more ofthe other examples provided below or throughout the present disclosure.

Example 1 includes the subject matter embodied by a method performed bya device (e.g., a user equipment (UE)) for establishing adevice-to-device wireless connection with network assistance,comprising: providing location information of the UE to an EvolvedPacket Core (EPC) of a first wireless network, the first wirelessnetwork being one of 3GPP Long Term Evolution or a 3GPP Long TermEvolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-A) wireless network, the UE in communicationwith the EPC; providing device-to-device connection information to theEPC for connection with a second UE, to establish a device-to-devicewireless connection between the UE and the second UE, the second UE incommunication with the EPC; and performing discovery of the second UEusing a device-to-device communication transmitted via a second wirelessnetwork, based on a response from the EPC to establish thedevice-to-device wireless connection with the second UE.

In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally includeconducting communications over the device-to-device wireless connectionbetween the UE and the second UE.

In Example 3, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples1-2 can optionally include providing device-to-device connectioninformation to the EPC by transmitting a request to establish thedevice-to-device wireless connection from the UE to the EPC.

In Example 4, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples1-3 can optionally include providing location information of the UE tothe EPC being conducted at a predefined interval, wherein the locationinformation includes data associated with a geographic area of a knownlocation of the UE.

In Example 5, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples1-4 can optionally include the device-to-device connection informationincluding a location request indicating one or a plurality of UEs forwhich the UE requests to connect.

In Example 6, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples1-5 can optionally include the response from the EPC to establish thedevice-to-device wireless connection being provided from the EPC inresponse to the EPC verifying proximity of the UE to the second UE,wherein proximity of the UE is determined at least in part by aconnection of the UE and the second UE to a common evolved Node B(eNodeB).

In Example 7, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples1-6 can optionally include the device-to-device communication beingtransmitted from the wireless device to the second wireless device toestablish the direct device-to-device wireless connection, the directdevice-to-device wireless connection performing communications inaccordance with a standard from: a LTE/LTE-A standards family, an IEEE802.11 standards family, an IEEE 802.16 standards family, or a BluetoothSpecial Interest Group standards family.

Example 8 can include, or can optionally be combined with all orportions of the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1-7to include the subject matter embodied by a wireless communicationdevice such as a user equipment (UE), comprising: a multi-modetransceiver comprising circuitry arranged to perform wirelesscommunications with an evolved NodeB (eNB) in a 3GPP Long Term Evolutionor a 3GPP Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-A) network via aLTE/LTE-A network connection and with a second UE via a device-to-deviceconnection, the circuitry further arranged to facilitate thedevice-to-device connection for direct communications between the UE anda second UE, by performing operations to: transmit, to an evolved packetcore (EPC) in communication with the LTE/LTE-A network, location data ofthe UE according to a predetermined timing; transmit, to the EPC, adevice-to-device connection request, the device-to-device connectionrequest including an identification of the second UE, the second UEhaving an network connection established to the LTE/LTE-A network;receive, from the EPC, a device-to-device connection response, thedevice-to-device connection response including connection informationfor the second UE and timing information for performing discovery of thesecond UE; and transmit, to the second UE during a connectionestablishment period determined using the timing information, one ormore device-to-device communications to establish the device-to-deviceconnection using the connection information for the second UE.

In Example 9, the subject matter of Example 8 can optionally include thecircuitry further arranged to directly transmit and receive, with thesecond UE, device-to-device data via the device-to-device connection inresponse to successful discovery and authentication of the second UEduring the connection establishment period.

In Example 10, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples8-10 can optionally include the location data of the UE beingtransmitted to the EPC at a predefined interval, wherein the locationdata includes a determined geographical position of the UE.

In Example 11, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples8-10 can optionally include the device-to-device connection requesttransmitted to the EPC including an identification of a plurality of UEsfor attempting a device-to-device connection, the plurality of UEsincluding the second UE.

In Example 12, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples8-11 can optionally include a display screen, wherein operations tofacilitate the device-to-device communications between the UE and thesecond UE include providing one or more interactive displays on a userinterface presented via the display screen, to enable user control ofestablishment for the device-to-device connection.

In Example 13, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples8-12 can optionally include the multi-mode transceiver being furtherarranged to perform the device-to-device communications via a wirelessnetwork distinct from the LTE/LTE-A network, wherein thedevice-to-device communications are performed between the UE and thesecond UE in connection with a standard from: a LTE/LTE-A standardsfamily, an IEEE 802.11 standards family, an IEEE 802.16 standardsfamily, or a Bluetooth Special Interest Group standards family.

Example 14 can include, or can optionally be combined with all orportions of the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples1-14 to include the subject matter embodied by a method performed by aperformed by a device (e.g., a user equipment (UE)) for facilitating adata flow via a direct device-to-device connection established betweenthe UE and a second UE, comprising: receiving a request for establishinga device-to-device connection to the second UE, the request including anidentification of the second UE, and an identification of a discoveryperiod, the request provided from an evolved packet core (EPC) of a 3GPPLong Term Evolution or 3GPP Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-A)network in response to detection of proximity of the UE to the secondUE; transmitting a response, to the EPC, to the request for establishinga device-to-device connection to the second UE; and establishing thedevice-to-device connection to the second UE during the discoveryperiod, using the identification of the second UE, wherein a data flowbetween the UE and the second UE via the device-to-device connection isestablished to replace a data flow between the UE and the second UEexisting via the EPC.

In Example 15, the subject matter of Example 14 can optionally include asecond request for establishing a device-to-device connection beingtransmitted to the second UE from the EPC, the second request includingan identification of the first UE, wherein the first UE and the secondUE perform operations for establishing the device-to-device connectionin response to an affirmative response to the second request forestablishing a device-to-device connection.

In Example 16, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples14-15 can optionally include the identification of the first UEincluding information used to discover and authenticate with the firstUE from the second UE, and wherein the identification of the second UEincludes information used to discover and authenticate with the secondUE from the first UE.

In Example 17, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples14-16 can optionally include the detection of proximity of the UE to thesecond UE being based on a connection of the UE and the second UE to acommon evolved NodeB (eNodeB) in the LTE/LTE-A network.

In Example 18, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples14-17 can optionally include the detection of proximity of the UE to thesecond UE being based on locations of the UE and the second UEdetermined by the EPC in comparison to a maximum communication range ofthe device-to-device connection.

Example 19 can include, or can optionally be combined with all orportions of the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples1-18 to include the subject matter embodied by a evolved packet core(EPC), the EPC arranged to operate processing components of a 3GPP LongTerm Evolution or a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE/LTE-A) wirelessnetwork, the LTE/LTE-A wireless network arranged to establish LTE/LTE-Anetwork communication links with a first user equipment (UE) and asecond UE via one or more evolved NodeBs (eNodeBs), and the EPCincluding one or more components arranged to facilitate an establishmentof a device-to-device communication link between the first UE and asecond UE over a second wireless network, by performing operations to:determine an establishment of the LTE network communication link betweenthe first UE and the second UE; determine proximity between the first UEand the second UE; and transmit identification information and adiscovery timing via the LTE/LTE-A wireless network to the first UE andto the second UE, for use in the establishment of the device-to-devicecommunication link via the second wireless network.

In Example 20, the subject matter of Example 19 can optionally includedetermining proximity between the first UE and the second UE beingperformed based on location information of the first UE and the secondUE communicated to the EPC.

In Example 21, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples19-20 can optionally include the establishment of the device-to-devicecommunication link being commenced in response to a notificationprovided within the EPC, or from a notification provided from the firstUE.

In Example 22, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples19-21 can optionally include operations to determine an establishment ofthe device-to-device communication link between the first UE and thesecond UE being performed in response to receiving a device-to-deviceconnection request from the first UE, the device-to-device connectionrequest from the first UE including an identification of the UE; whereinoperations to transmit identification information and a discovery timingvia the LTE wireless network to the first UE and the second UE include:issuing a second device-to-device connection request to the second UEfrom the EPC, the second device-to-device connection request includingthe identification information and the discovery timing, and theidentification information including an identification of the first UE;and in response to a confirmation to the second device-to-deviceconnection request, issuing a device-to-device connection response tothe first UE.

In Example 23, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples19-22 can optionally include the identification information provided tothe first UE including authentication information to authenticate withthe second UE using device-to-device communications transmitted via thesecond wireless network, and wherein the identification informationprovided to the second UE includes authentication information toauthenticate with the first UE using device-to-device communicationstransmitted via the second wireless network.

In Example 24, the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples19-23 can optionally include the device-to-device communications beingperformed between the wireless communication device and the secondwireless communication device in the second wireless network inconnection with use of a standard from: a 3GPP Long Term Evolution orLong Term Evolution-Advanced standards family, an IEEE 802.11 standardsfamily, an IEEE 802.16 standards family, or a Bluetooth Special InterestGroup standards family.

The Abstract is provided to allow the reader to ascertain the nature andgist of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understandingthat it will not be used to limit or interpret the scope or meaning ofthe claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated into thedetailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separateembodiment.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method performed by a user equipment (UE) forestablishing a device-to-device wireless connection with networkassistance, comprising: providing location information of the UE to anEvolved Packet Core (EPC) of a first wireless network, the firstwireless network being one of 3GPP Long Term Evolution or a 3GPP LongTerm Evolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-A) wireless network, the UE incommunication with the EPC; providing device-to-device connectioninformation to the EPC for connection with a second UE, to establish adevice-to-device wireless connection between the UE and the second UE,the second UE in communication with the EPC; and performing discovery ofthe second UE using a device-to-device communication transmitted via asecond wireless network, based on a response from the EPC to establishthe device-to-device wireless connection with the second UE.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising conducting communications over thedevice-to-device wireless connection between the UE and the second UE.3. The method of claim 1, wherein providing device-to-device connectioninformation to the EPC includes transmitting a request to establish thedevice-to-device wireless connection from the UE to the EPC.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein providing location information of the UE tothe EPC is conducted at a predefined interval, wherein the locationinformation includes data associated with a geographic area of a knownlocation of the UE.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thedevice-to-device connection information includes a location requestindicating one or a plurality of UEs for which the UE requests toconnect.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the response from the EPC toestablish the device-to-device wireless connection is provided from theEPC in response to the EPC verifying proximity of the UE to the secondUE, wherein proximity of the UE is determined at least in part by aconnection of the UE and the second UE to a common evolved Node B(eNodeB).
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the device-to-devicecommunication is transmitted from the wireless device to the secondwireless device to establish the direct device-to-device wirelessconnection, the direct device-to-device wireless connection performingcommunications in accordance with a standard from: a LTE/LTE-A standardsfamily, an IEEE 802.11 standards family, an IEEE 802.16 standardsfamily, or a Bluetooth Special Interest Group standards family.
 8. Auser equipment (UE), comprising: a multi-mode transceiver comprisingcircuitry arranged to perform wireless communications with an evolvedNodeB (eNB) in a 3GPP Long Term Evolution or a 3GPP Long TermEvolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-A) network via a LTE/LTE-A networkconnection and with a second UE via a device-to-device connection, thecircuitry further arranged to facilitate the device-to-device connectionfor direct communications between the UE and a second UE, by performingoperations to: transmit, to an evolved packet core (EPC) incommunication with the LTE/LTE-A network, location data of the UEaccording to a predetermined timing; transmit, to the EPC, adevice-to-device connection request, the device-to-device connectionrequest including an identification of the second UE, the second UEhaving an network connection established to the LTE/LTE-A network;receive, from the EPC, a device-to-device connection response, thedevice-to-device connection response including connection informationfor the second UE and timing information for performing discovery of thesecond UE; and transmit, to the second UE during a connectionestablishment period determined using the timing information, one ormore device-to-device communications to establish the device-to-deviceconnection using the connection information for the second UE.
 9. The UEof claim 8, the circuitry further arranged to directly transmit andreceive, with the second UE, device-to-device data via thedevice-to-device connection in response to successful discovery andauthentication of the second UE during the connection establishmentperiod.
 10. The UE of claim 8, wherein location data of the UE istransmitted to the EPC at a predefined interval, wherein the locationdata includes a determined geographical position of the UE.
 11. The UEof claim 8, wherein the device-to-device connection request transmittedto the EPC includes an identification of a plurality of UEs forattempting a device-to-device connection, the plurality of UEs includingthe second UE.
 12. The UE of claim 8, the UE further comprising adisplay screen, wherein operations to facilitate the device-to-devicecommunications between the UE and the second UE include providing one ormore interactive displays on a user interface presented via the displayscreen, to enable user control of establishment for the device-to-deviceconnection.
 13. The UE of claim 8, wherein the multi-mode transceiver isfurther arranged to perform the device-to-device communications via awireless network distinct from the LTE/LTE-A network, and wherein thedevice-to-device communications are performed between the UE and thesecond UE in connection with a standard from: a LTE/LTE-A standardsfamily, an IEEE 802.11 standards family, an IEEE 802.16 standardsfamily, or a Bluetooth Special Interest Group standards family.
 14. Amethod performed by a user equipment (UE) for facilitating a data flowvia a direct device-to-device connection established between the UE anda second UE, comprising: receiving a request for establishing adevice-to-device connection to the second UE, the request including anidentification of the second UE, and an identification of a discoveryperiod, the request provided from an evolved packet core (EPC) of a 3GPPLong Term Evolution or 3GPP Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-A)network in response to detection of proximity of the UE to the secondUE; transmitting a response, to the EPC, to the request for establishinga device-to-device connection to the second UE; and establishing thedevice-to-device connection to the second UE during the discoveryperiod, using the identification of the second UE, wherein a data flowbetween the UE and the second UE via the device-to-device connection isestablished to replace a data flow between the UE and the second UEexisting via the EPC.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a secondrequest for establishing a device-to-device connection is transmitted tothe second UE from the EPC, the second request including anidentification of the first UE, wherein the first UE and the second UEperform operations for establishing the device-to-device connection inresponse to an affirmative response to the second request forestablishing a device-to-device connection.
 16. The method of claim 15,wherein the identification of the first UE includes information used todiscover and authenticate with the first UE from the second UE, andwherein the identification of the second UE includes information used todiscover and authenticate with the second UE from the first UE.
 17. Themethod of claim 14, wherein the detection of proximity of the UE to thesecond UE is based on a connection of the UE and the second UE to acommon evolved NodeB (eNodeB) in the LTE/LTE-A network.
 18. The methodof claim 14, wherein the detection of proximity of the UE to the secondUE is based on locations of the UE and the second UE determined by theEPC in comparison to a maximum communication range of thedevice-to-device connection.
 19. An evolved packet core (EPC), the EPCarranged to operate processing components of a 3GPP Long Term Evolutionor a 3GPP Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-A) wireless network, theLTE/LTE-A wireless network arranged to establish a LTE/LTE-A networkcommunication link between a first user equipment (UE) and a second UEvia one or more evolved NodeBs (eNodeBs), and the EPC including one ormore components arranged to facilitate an establishment of adevice-to-device communication link between the first UE and a second UEover a second wireless network, by performing operations to: determinean establishment of the LTE network communication link between the firstUE and the second UE; determine proximity between the first UE and thesecond UE; and transmit identification information and a discoverytiming via the LTE/LTE-A wireless network to the first UE and to thesecond UE, for use in the establishment of the device-to-devicecommunication link via the second wireless network.
 20. The EPC of claim19, wherein determining proximity between the first UE and the second UEis performed based on location information of the first UE and thesecond UE communicated to the EPC.
 21. The EPC of claim 19, wherein theestablishment of the device-to-device communication link is commenced inresponse to a notification provided within the EPC, or from anotification provided from the first UE.
 22. The EPC of claim 19,wherein operations to determine an establishment of the device-to-devicecommunication link between the first UE and the second UE are performedin response to receiving a device-to-device connection request from thefirst UE, the device-to-device connection request from the first UEincluding an identification of the UE; and wherein operations totransmit identification information and a discovery timing via theLTE/LTE-A wireless network to the first UE and the second UE include:issuing a second device-to-device connection request to the second UEfrom the EPC, the second device-to-device connection request includingthe identification information and the discovery timing, and theidentification information including an identification of the first UE;and in response to a confirmation to the second device-to-deviceconnection request, issuing a device-to-device connection response tothe first UE.
 23. The EPC of claim 19, wherein the identificationinformation provided to the first UE includes authentication informationto authenticate with the second UE using device-to-device communicationstransmitted via the second wireless network, and wherein theidentification information provided to the second UE includesauthentication information to authenticate with the first UE usingdevice-to-device communications transmitted via the second wirelessnetwork.
 24. The EPC of claim 23, wherein the device-to-devicecommunications are performed between the wireless communication deviceand the second wireless communication device in the second wirelessnetwork in connection with use of a standard from: a 3GPP Long TermEvolution or Long Term Evolution-Advanced standards family, an IEEE802.11 standards family, an IEEE 802.16 standards family, or a BluetoothSpecial Interest Group standards family.